Apr 28, 2020 · Tue 28 Apr, 2020 - 12:07 PM ET. Fitch Ratings - London - 28 Apr 2020: Fitch Ratings has revised five South African banks' National Long-Term Ratings to 'AA (zaf)' from 'AA- (zaf)'. This rating action follows the recalibration of the South African National Rating scale following the downgrade of the sovereign on 3 April 2020 and restores the ... ZAF Energy Systems (“ZAF”) was formed with the mission to develop revolutionary, high performance batteries that are safe, environmentally responsible, sustainable and economical. Today, ZAF is leveraging decades of research in zinc battery technology with the latest advances in material sciences and combining them with ZAF’s proprietary ...The Zambian Air Force (ZAF) is the air force of Zambia and therefore the air operations component of the Zambian Defense Force. Following the creation of the Republic of Zambia in 1964, the previous Northern Rhodesian Air Wing was renamed because the Zambia Air Wing that lasted till 1968. The Zambian Air Force was then established.What is ZAF meaning in Country? 1 meaning of ZAF abbreviation related to Country: 1. ZAF. South Africa. Country Code, Locations, Countries. How to Apply for Zambia Air Force Recruitment 2023/2024. First step is to visit ZAF portal www.airforce.mil.zm. Select employment opportunities on the menu bar. Choose the position you wish to apply. Fill the online form and upload documents required.# Import the needed modules import numpy as np import scipy.signal import zaf import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Read the audio signal (normalized) with its sampling frequency in Hz, and average it over its channels audio_signal, sampling_frequency = zaf.wavread("audio_file.wav") audio_signal = np.mean(audio_signal, 1) # Set the window duration in seconds (audio is stationary around 40 ...The Zambia Air Force (ZAF) is the Air Force of Zambia and the Air Operations element of the Zambian Defence Force. The former Northern Rhodesian Air Wing was renamed as the Zambia Air Wing following the creation of the Republic of Zambia in 1964. The Northern Rhodesian Air Wing operated mainly in the communication and transport role.Mar 15, 2023 · Hey y'all I'm ZAF, a singer - songwriter from Greece and here is my version of Ceilings By Lizzy McAlpine. LINKS of all my social media here:https://bio.link... ZAF Energy Systems Inc. (ZAFSYS) | 492 followers on LinkedIn. Changing the Way We Power the World. | Our mission is to deliver proven energy storage solutions. We will accomplish our mission ... Eligibility Requirements for Zambian Air force Recruitment 2023. Before anyone can register to be part of the Zambian Airforce, they should check if they align with the requirements. These requirements to apply are; Possession of 14 points and below at Grade 12 level which should contain English, Mathematics, Science and any two subjects.Find the hottest new styles with the best prices at ZAFUL. Shop Women, Men, Shoes & ACCS, CURVE + PLUS including Women's Swimwear, Dresses, Jackets & Coats, Men's Hoodies & Sweats, Tops, Bottoms, and more.MAIN MENU. 1 of 3. Updated more than 6 months ago. Get the App. The Sirved app is available for free on iOS and Andriod. Download. We offer food for all occasions at Zaf's Party Store. A quick phone call at (906) 892-8273 will give you access to sandwiches and other delights. Find the comfortable ambiance and some of the best american food in ...The acceptable mode of application for the ongoing Zambia Army Recruitment is a handwritten application letter attached with the required documents. There is no online application form. Applicants are to send their application letter via Zampost or express Mail or the following Addresses; Regular Officers. Regular – Non-Commissioned Officers.All of the pieces were assembled by panoszaf and made into a 2010 ford F350 Coroner Truck cuz chevy express is overused. FIrst of all i want to thank all of the people above who made the dev parts and uploaded them for Free unlocked. It is hard to find good dev parts so thank you to everyone who uploads dev parts for free.Subscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribePanikRecordsTubeBuy/Stream here: Spotify: https://spoti.fi/44uGVLOiTunes/Apple Music: https://apple.co/3p5FjrHDeezer: https...Zaf's would like to thank everyone that helped today with our oven issue. A special thank you to Mark Covell for your part. Zaf's is open for everything but oven items tonight (so no pizza tonight so sorry) but we will be open normal business hours tomorrow with a full menu.| vfsglobal - vfsglobal ... Loading... ... ZAF has also increasingly participated in the promotion of national, regional and global security and peace effo rts as a response to the ever changing threat. Terrorism is one of the global threats that require us to position ourselves in order to deter and manage this threat. Mar 15, 2023 · Hey y'all I'm ZAF, a singer - songwriter from Greece and here is my version of Ceilings By Lizzy McAlpine. LINKS of all my social media here:https://bio.link... Sep 12, 2020 · Zaf Baker and the huge success early in his life. by Carla Becker. September 12, 2020. in Business. The 27-year old astute businessman just keeps outdoing himself with every passing deal. And this is not something he has just mastered. Ever since he was a 16-year-old teenager, he has been buying and selling cars for profit, understanding what ... Apr 28, 2020 · Tue 28 Apr, 2020 - 12:07 PM ET. Fitch Ratings - London - 28 Apr 2020: Fitch Ratings has revised five South African banks' National Long-Term Ratings to 'AA (zaf)' from 'AA- (zaf)'. This rating action follows the recalibration of the South African National Rating scale following the downgrade of the sovereign on 3 April 2020 and restores the ... Subscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribePanikRecordsTubeBuy/Stream here: Spotify: https://spoti.fi/44uGVLOiTunes/Apple Music: https://apple.co/3p5FjrHDeezer: https... Kursus pajak terbaik atau PT ZAF Internasional adalah lembaga yang berkomitmen dengan pengembangan dan pendidikan serta keahlian di bidang perpajakan dan akuntansi, kursus pajak online memiliki tim praktisi professional dengan metode 70% Praktek 30% Teori dengan aturan per undang – undangan yang ter update dan Kursus pajak online ini sangat sesuai dengan anda yang baru mulai belajar pajak ... Jul 24, 2019 · Zaf. Claimed. Review. Save. Share. 65 reviews #762 of 2,411 Restaurants in Athens $$ - $$$ Cafe Mediterranean European. Agias Irenes Sq. 8, Athens 105 60 Greece +30 21 0323 6711 Website Menu. Closed now : See all hours. The broad light-red line is the Si net-count raw data curve from Figure 1, arbitrary units, not yet ZAF corrected. b) The same sample but with low Si concentrations using SCC. But it matters in almost all other normalized cases because the element atomic-shell excitation relations to each other would get out of balance.In order to Serve the Republic of Zambia effectively and efficiently through our Constitutional Mandate to Defend and Support the Nation t he Center of Advanced Learning (CAL) was envisioned as a Public Private Partnership initiative between Zambia Air Force (ZAF), Copperbelt University (CBU) and the National Institute for Public Administration (NIPA).NOTICE TO THIRD PARTY AGENCIES: Please note that AECOM does not accept unsolicited resumes from recruiters or employment agencies. In the absence of a signed Recruitment Fee Agreement, AECOM will not consider or agree to payment of any referral compensation or recruiter fee.The Zambia Air Force ( ZAF) is the air force of Zambia and the air operations element of the Zambian Defence Force. Following the creation of the Republic of Zambia in 1964, the former Northern Rhodesia Air Force was renamed as the Zambia Air Force . The primary missions of the Air Force are to defend Zambia's borders and protect its airspace.by admin | July 4, 2020 | ZAF News | 0 Comments. Funds program to scale battery for marine application. JOPLIN, Mo. – June 10, 2020 – ZAF Energy Systems Inc. (ZAF), a developer of next-generation battery technology, announced today that it has received a contract for $2,494,032 to develop and produce prototype...¡Me encantan Los Sims y contar historias! Important Note: Site Supports IE 9 and above, Mozilla, Google Chrome, Safari and Opera. ZAF stands for South Africa (also Z-Axis Adhesive Film and 20 more) Rating: 4 8 votes What is the abbreviation for South Africa? South Africa is abbreviated as ZAF (also SA, ZA, RSA, S. Afr. or S.Af.) Related abbreviations The list of abbreviations related to ZAF - South Africa GDP Gross Domestic Product EU European Union ZAF stands for South Africa (also Z-Axis Adhesive Film and 20 more) Rating: 4 8 votes What is the abbreviation for South Africa? South Africa is abbreviated as ZAF (also SA, ZA, RSA, S. Afr. or S.Af.) Related abbreviations The list of abbreviations related to ZAF - South Africa GDP Gross Domestic Product EU European UnionPajak penghasilan (PPh) adalah salah satu sumber pemasukan pajak terbesar di Indonesia. Di kursus pajak murah Zaf International Anda tidak hanya di ajarkan teori, tetapi juga langsung praktek pengisian Form SPT dengan soal berupa kasus-kasus tertentu. Survei nya 9 dari 10 perusahaan tidak mampu membuat laporan Spt untuk pajak penghasilan.| vfsglobal - vfsglobal ... Loading... ... Subscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribePanikRecordsTubeBuy/Stream here: Spotify: https://spoti.fi/44uGVLOiTunes/Apple Music: https://apple.co/3p5FjrHDeezer: https... ZAF matrix corrections (included here are also the newer Phi-Rho-Z corrections) are a fundamental calculation of the x-ray intensities based on physical models of the atomic and electron interaction. It is the most accurate way available to correct for matrix effects without using an empirical calibration curve.¡Me encantan Los Sims y contar historias! Profile. New shop. -Shop brings you the latest and most ZAF-IST things to color/customize your world Policies. REDFUND only applies to: ~Having purchased multiple copies of the same product that got send to the same account.Zaf's would like to thank everyone that helped today with our oven issue. A special thank you to Mark Covell for your part. Zaf's is open for everything but oven items tonight (so no pizza tonight so sorry) but we will be open normal business hours tomorrow with a full menu.9.1. The ZAF Correction Factor Approach We can begin our discussion by recognizing that the production of x-rays is indeed proportional to the number of analyte atoms per unit volume within the specimen. If we let n be the number of characteristic analyte photons generated in the specimen per averageUsing the Apps framework. Use the ZAF SDK to interact with the Apps framework directly from your iframe. The SDK provides a ZAFClient global object that allows cross-frame communication between your app and the host Zendesk product. For details, see the ZAF Client API doc.We have developed an open-source fully automatic daily feeding system, Zebrafish Automatic Feeder (ZAF). ZAF is reliable, provides a standardized amount of food to every tank, is cost-efficient and easy to build. The advanced version, ZAF+, allows for the precise control of food distribution as a function of fish density per tank, and has a ...Jul 24, 2019 · Zaf. Claimed. Review. Save. Share. 65 reviews #762 of 2,411 Restaurants in Athens $$ - $$$ Cafe Mediterranean European. Agias Irenes Sq. 8, Athens 105 60 Greece +30 21 0323 6711 Website Menu. Closed now : See all hours. All of the pieces were assembled by panoszaf and made into a 2010 ford F350 Coroner Truck cuz chevy express is overused. FIrst of all i want to thank all of the people above who made the dev parts and uploaded them for Free unlocked. It is hard to find good dev parts so thank you to everyone who uploads dev parts for free.South Africa GDP 1960-2023. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural ... Important Note: Site Supports IE 9 and above, Mozilla, Google Chrome, Safari and Opera.9.1. The ZAF Correction Factor Approach We can begin our discussion by recognizing that the production of x-rays is indeed proportional to the number of analyte atoms per unit volume within the specimen. If we let n be the number of characteristic analyte photons generated in the specimen per averageSubscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribePanikRecordsTubeBuy/Stream here: Spotify: https://spoti.fi/44uGVLOiTunes/Apple Music: https://apple.co/3p5FjrHDeezer: https...Zambia Air Force Transport Aircraft - The Harbin Y-12. The Harbin Y-12 (Chinese: 运-12; pinyin: Yùn-12) is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG). Harbin Y-12 (II) has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. Welcome to the Application Centres for South Africa Visa and Permit, Zimbabwean Exemption Permit (ZEP) and Lesotho Exemption Permit (LEP) in South Africa by the Department of Home Affairs, Republic of South Africa.New Listing Diesel Zaf Jeans Mens 32x34 Blue Denim Bootcut Fit Light Stone Wash Made Italy. $49.99. $8.75 shipping. or Best Offer. ZAF-200 (Bezafibrato) se absorbe rápida y totalmente en el tracto gastrointestinal alcanzando un pico máximo en aproximadamente 1 a 2 horas después de una sola dosis oral; el rango y el grado de absorción de ZAF-200 (Bezafibrato) disminuyen al 50% en presencia de colestiramina, pero se reduce ligeramente en presencia de alimento. by admin | July 4, 2020 | ZAF News | 0 Comments. Funds program to scale battery for marine application. JOPLIN, Mo. – June 10, 2020 – ZAF Energy Systems Inc. (ZAF), a developer of next-generation battery technology, announced today that it has received a contract for $2,494,032 to develop and produce prototype...Using the Apps framework. Use the ZAF SDK to interact with the Apps framework directly from your iframe. The SDK provides a ZAFClient global object that allows cross-frame communication between your app and the host Zendesk product. For details, see the ZAF Client API doc.Apr 28, 2020 · Tue 28 Apr, 2020 - 12:07 PM ET. Fitch Ratings - London - 28 Apr 2020: Fitch Ratings has revised five South African banks' National Long-Term Ratings to 'AA (zaf)' from 'AA- (zaf)'. This rating action follows the recalibration of the South African National Rating scale following the downgrade of the sovereign on 3 April 2020 and restores the ... # Import the needed modules import numpy as np import scipy.signal import zaf import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Read the audio signal (normalized) with its sampling frequency in Hz, and average it over its channels audio_signal, sampling_frequency = zaf.wavread("audio_file.wav") audio_signal = np.mean(audio_signal, 1) # Set the window duration in seconds (audio is stationary around 40 ...Gauteng may be the smallest of South Africa’s nine provinces in terms of land mass but it is its most populous--and home to some of the most privileged properties in the country. Johannesburg is Gauteng’s provincial capital and the nation’s economic engine. Located in the center of the Highveld, or the high plateau region, “Joburg” is ...Subscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribePanikRecordsTubeBuy/Stream here: Spotify: https://spoti.fi/44uGVLOiTunes/Apple Music: https://apple.co/3p5FjrHDeezer: https...The ZAF method breaks down at low Z, due primarily to: • Uncertainties in absorption coefficients at low Z. • Uncertainty in J (mean ionization potential) at low Z. • J can vary with chemical bonding, e.g. J=109 for atomic Al, J=149 for metal. φρz improves the expressions for Z effects and does a better determination of Zaf's would like to thank everyone that helped today with our oven issue. A special thank you to Mark Covell for your part. Zaf's is open for everything but oven items tonight (so no pizza tonight so sorry) but we will be open normal business hours tomorrow with a full menu.JOPLIN, Mo., Jan. 14, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- ZAF Energy Systems, Inc., announced today the spinoff of Æsir Technologies, Inc., to provide advanced energy storage solutions to the specialty markets ...What is ZAF meaning in Country? 1 meaning of ZAF abbreviation related to Country: 1. ZAF. South Africa. Country Code, Locations, Countries. ZAF as a simple solution for aquatic facility feeding. (a) Schematic representation of ZAF’s three main modules with their key components. Basic electronic wiring is also shown. ZAF is designed to distribute the same food quantity to all (fish) tanks. (b) 3D visualization of the different ZAF modules: electronics, tubing, pumps, and food ...Oct 6, 2020 · August 12, 2020 –– Bozeman, MT. –– ZAF Energy Systems Inc. (ZAF), a developer of next-generation zinc battery technologies, has completed initial testing of their patented Zinc-Air pouch cell designed for high value package and asset tracking. These pouch cells were... The acceptable mode of application for the ongoing Zambia Air Force (ZAF) recruitment is a handwritten application letter attached with the required documents. No ZAF application form is accepted online. ZAF Recruitment Address Lusaka Province. The Recruitment officer Logistics command, P.O Box 310070, Lusaka. Central ProvinceNOTICE TO THIRD PARTY AGENCIES: Please note that AECOM does not accept unsolicited resumes from recruiters or employment agencies. In the absence of a signed Recruitment Fee Agreement, AECOM will not consider or agree to payment of any referral compensation or recruiter fee.NOTICE TO THIRD PARTY AGENCIES: Please note that AECOM does not accept unsolicited resumes from recruiters or employment agencies. In the absence of a signed Recruitment Fee Agreement, AECOM will not consider or agree to payment of any referral compensation or recruiter fee.ZAF has also increasingly participated in the promotion of national, regional and global security and peace effo rts as a response to the ever changing threat. Terrorism is one of the global threats that require us to position ourselves in order to deter and manage this threat. All of the pieces were assembled by panoszaf and made into a 2010 ford F350 Coroner Truck cuz chevy express is overused. FIrst of all i want to thank all of the people above who made the dev parts and uploaded them for Free unlocked. It is hard to find good dev parts so thank you to everyone who uploads dev parts for free.Installing and using the Zendesk apps tools. How to build a Support app from scratch: Build your first Support app - Part 1: Laying the groundwork. Build your first Support app - Part 2: Designing the user interface. Build your first Support app - Part 3: Creating and inserting templates. Build your first Support app - Part 4: Getting data.The Zambia Air Force (ZAF) is the Air Force of Zambia and the Air Operations element of the Zambian Defence Force. The former Northern Rhodesian Air Wing was renamed as the Zambia Air Wing following the creation of the Republic of Zambia in 1964. The Northern Rhodesian Air Wing operated mainly in the communication and transport role.May 5, 2023 · Pes (Πες) Lyrics: Ξέρεις πως θα πέθαινα για ‘σένα / Ψάχνω κάθε τρόπο να σε βρω / Να θέλεις μόνο εμένα / Δυο σώματα ... Fill your login a heslo you have received in the registration form or at school. Other information about Internet School ZAV you can find here.In order to Serve the Republic of Zambia effectively and efficiently through our Constitutional Mandate to Defend and Support the Nation t he Center of Advanced Learning (CAL) was envisioned as a Public Private Partnership initiative between Zambia Air Force (ZAF), Copperbelt University (CBU) and the National Institute for Public Administration (NIPA). Hey y'all I'm ZAF, a singer - songwriter from Greece and here is my version of Ceilings By Lizzy McAlpine. LINKS of all my social media here:https://bio.link...ZAF as a simple solution for aquatic facility feeding. (a) Schematic representation of ZAF’s three main modules with their key components. Basic electronic wiring is also shown. ZAF is designed to distribute the same food quantity to all (fish) tanks. (b) 3D visualization of the different ZAF modules: electronics, tubing, pumps, and food ... Principle. This thermal conductivity gas analyzer measures gas concentration by utilizing the difference of thermal conductivities between two gas components. In the detector, there are a reference chamber and a measuring chamber, in each of which a thin platinum wire is stretched. The reference chamber is filled with reference gas. The role i play is clearly defined in the Republican Constitution and the Zambia Air Force Policy & Startegy. The Command of Airpower requires intricate knowledge of the capabilities and interdependencies of forces employed. This is achieved through an understanding of the Commanders' intent by Personnel in all of ZAF Military Operations. The RENOLIN ZAF B HT PLUS products have passed the relevant industrial gear oil wear tests according to DIN 51517-3 (CLP). Especially the wear protection requirement in the FZG test (A/8.3/90) is passed with a failure load stage ≥12 in ISO VG 22 and higher grades which is an excellent result.MAIN MENU. 1 of 3. Updated more than 6 months ago. Get the App. The Sirved app is available for free on iOS and Andriod. Download. We offer food for all occasions at Zaf's Party Store. A quick phone call at (906) 892-8273 will give you access to sandwiches and other delights. Find the comfortable ambiance and some of the best american food in ... ZAAF: Made in Africa. Join us on a ZAAF photoshoot to some of the most dramatic places on the African continent. Our dedicated team of eleven, selected from across the continent, ventured forth with world renowned photographer, Joey L. to the Afar region in Ethiopia. Our crew even climbed an active volcano, camping for days without electricity ... New Listing Diesel Zaf Jeans Mens 32x34 Blue Denim Bootcut Fit Light Stone Wash Made Italy. $49.99. $8.75 shipping. or Best Offer.# Import the needed modules import numpy as np import scipy.signal import zaf import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Read the audio signal (normalized) with its sampling frequency in Hz, and average it over its channels audio_signal, sampling_frequency = zaf.wavread("audio_file.wav") audio_signal = np.mean(audio_signal, 1) # Set the window duration in seconds (audio is stationary around 40 ... Common side effects of zafirlukast may include: nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain; headache; or. cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.RENOLIN ZAF D 46 HT. Product name. Issue Date: 20.03.2015 Revision Date: 03.09.2020 Version: 1.4 Print date: 09.12.2021 SDS_DE - EN - 000000000601001505 2/11. Hazard summary Physical Hazards: No data available. 2.2 Label Elements Hazard Statement(s): H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary Statements Prevention:Common side effects of zafirlukast may include: nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain; headache; or. cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
ZAF as a simple solution for aquatic facility feeding. (a) Schematic representation of ZAF’s three main modules with their key components. Basic electronic wiring is also shown. ZAF is designed to distribute the same food quantity to all (fish) tanks. (b) 3D visualization of the different ZAF modules: electronics, tubing, pumps, and food ... . Essential
ZAF may refer to: Zinc Application Framework. Zambian Air Force. South Africa by ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code. Zhengzhou East railway station, China Railway telegraph code ZAF. Zaf may refer to: Zaf, Iran. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ZAF.Hey y'all I'm ZAF, a singer - songwriter from Greece and here is my version of Ceilings By Lizzy McAlpine. LINKS of all my social media here:https://bio.link...Welcome to the Application Centres for South Africa Visa and Permit, Zimbabwean Exemption Permit (ZEP) and Lesotho Exemption Permit (LEP) in South Africa by the Department of Home Affairs, Republic of South Africa. What is ZAF meaning in Country? 1 meaning of ZAF abbreviation related to Country: 1. ZAF. South Africa. Country Code, Locations, Countries. The Zambia Air Force (ZAF) is the Air Force of Zambia and the Air Operations element of the Zambian Defence Force. The former Northern Rhodesian Air Wing was renamed as the Zambia Air Wing following the creation of the Republic of Zambia in 1964. The Northern Rhodesian Air Wing operated mainly in the communication and transport role.Mar 4, 2023 · How to Apply for Zambia Air Force Recruitment 2023/2024. First step is to visit ZAF portal www.airforce.mil.zm. Select employment opportunities on the menu bar. Choose the position you wish to apply. Fill the online form and upload documents required. ¡Me encantan Los Sims y contar historias!New Listing Diesel Zaf Jeans Mens 32x34 Blue Denim Bootcut Fit Light Stone Wash Made Italy. $49.99. $8.75 shipping. or Best Offer. ZAF: South Africa (ISO Country code) ZAF: Zambia Air Force: ZAF: Z-Axis Adhesive Film: ZAF: Zone Assistance Fund (New Jersey) ZAF: Zero Alignment Feature: ZAF: Zombie Army Forums: ZAF: Zombie Alliance Force (gaming group) ZAF: Zombie Assault Force (gaming) Oct 6, 2020 · ZAF Energy Systems (“ZAF”) was formed with the mission to develop revolutionary, high performance batteries that are safe, environmentally responsible, sustainable and economical. Today, ZAF is leveraging decades of research in zinc battery technology with the latest advances in material sciences and combining them with ZAF’s proprietary ... Information on valuation, funding, cap tables, investors, and executives for ZAF Energy Systems. Use the PitchBook Platform to explore the full profile.Download (19019) LG V60 ThinQ 5G. LMV600EA. (V600EA10K_00) Android 10 Q. VDI. 4.60GB. Download (38731) LG V60 ThinQ 5G. LMV600EA.The ZAF method breaks down at low Z, due primarily to: • Uncertainties in absorption coefficients at low Z. • Uncertainty in J (mean ionization potential) at low Z. • J can vary with chemical bonding, e.g. J=109 for atomic Al, J=149 for metal. φρz improves the expressions for Z effects and does a better determination of .